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cvd-and-teeth

Revisiting the Cross-Sectional Association Between Missing Teeth and Cardiovascular Disease: BRFSS 2018

Linear Regression

First created on Nov 8, 2019. Updated on Nov 11, 2019

Step 1: Load Libraries

source("../code/100_Dependencies.R", echo = TRUE)
## 
## > library(foreign)
## 
## > library(Hmisc)

## Loading required package: lattice

## Loading required package: survival

## Loading required package: Formula

## Loading required package: ggplot2

## 
## Attaching package: 'Hmisc'

## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     format.pval, units

## 
## > library(e1071)

## 
## Attaching package: 'e1071'

## The following object is masked from 'package:Hmisc':
## 
##     impute

## 
## > library(gtools)

## 
## Attaching package: 'gtools'

## The following object is masked from 'package:e1071':
## 
##     permutations

## 
## > library(MASS)
## 
## > library(ggplot2)
## 
## > library(gridExtra)
## 
## > library(broom)
## 
## > library(scales)
## 
## > library(ggfortify)
## 
## > library(gvlma)

Step 2: Run Linear Regression Models

source("../code/260_Linear regression models.R", echo = TRUE)
## 
## > BRFSS <- read.csv(file = "../output/BRFSS.csv", header = TRUE, 
## +     sep = ",")
## 
## > str(BRFSS)
## 'data.frame':    266109 obs. of  52 variables:
##  $ CVDINFR4 : int  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ RMVTETH4 : int  1 1 8 8 2 8 1 2 1 3 ...
##  $ SEX1     : int  2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 ...
##  $ X_HISPANC: int  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ X_MRACE1 : int  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 ...
##  $ X_AGEG5YR: int  13 10 12 8 13 8 11 12 10 11 ...
##  $ EDUCA    : int  6 4 6 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 ...
##  $ INCOME2  : int  6 3 8 8 4 6 4 2 2 7 ...
##  $ X_DENVST3: int  1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 ...
##  $ DIABETE3 : int  3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 ...
##  $ X_SMOKER3: int  4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ EXERANY2 : int  2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 ...
##  $ X_BMI5CAT: int  2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ CVDINFR5 : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ RMVTETH5 : int  1 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 1 3 ...
##  $ MOSTTEETH: int  1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 ...
##  $ FEWTEETH : int  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ...
##  $ NOTEETH  : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ SEX2     : int  0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ MALE     : int  0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ HISPANC2 : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ HISPANIC : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ RACEGRP  : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ...
##  $ BLACK    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ...
##  $ ASIAN    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ OTHRACE  : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ AGEG5YR2 : int  3 1 2 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 ...
##  $ AGE1     : int  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
##  $ AGE2     : int  0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 ...
##  $ AGE3     : int  1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ EDGRP    : int  3 1 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 ...
##  $ LOWED    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ SOMECOLL : int  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ...
##  $ COLLEGE  : int  1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ INCOME3  : int  3 1 4 4 1 3 1 0 0 4 ...
##  $ INC1     : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ INC2     : int  0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ...
##  $ INC3     : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ INC4     : int  1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ DENVST4  : int  0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
##  $ NODENVST : int  0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
##  $ DIABETE4 : int  0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 ...
##  $ NODIABETE: int  1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ...
##  $ SMOKER4  : int  0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ FRMRSMK  : int  0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ SMOKE    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ EXERANY3 : int  0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ...
##  $ NOEXER   : int  1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 ...
##  $ BMICAT   : int  1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ UNDWT    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ OVWT     : int  0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ OBESE    : int  0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## 
## > summary(BRFSS)
##     CVDINFR4        RMVTETH4          SEX1         X_HISPANC    
##  Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000  
##  1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:2.000  
##  Median :2.000   Median :2.000   Median :2.000   Median :2.000  
##  Mean   :1.913   Mean   :4.125   Mean   :1.575   Mean   :2.005  
##  3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:8.000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:2.000  
##  Max.   :2.000   Max.   :8.000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :9.000  
##                                                                 
##     X_MRACE1       X_AGEG5YR          EDUCA          INCOME2     
##  Min.   : 1.00   Min.   : 7.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   : 1.00  
##  1st Qu.: 1.00   1st Qu.: 8.000   1st Qu.:4.000   1st Qu.: 5.00  
##  Median : 1.00   Median :10.000   Median :5.000   Median : 7.00  
##  Mean   : 2.83   Mean   : 9.847   Mean   :4.931   Mean   :19.87  
##  3rd Qu.: 1.00   3rd Qu.:11.000   3rd Qu.:6.000   3rd Qu.: 8.00  
##  Max.   :99.00   Max.   :13.000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :99.00  
##  NA's   :2                        NA's   :3       NA's   :1983   
##    X_DENVST3        DIABETE3       X_SMOKER3        EXERANY2    
##  Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :1.000  
##  1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:3.000   1st Qu.:3.000   1st Qu.:1.000  
##  Median :1.000   Median :3.000   Median :4.000   Median :1.000  
##  Mean   :1.374   Mean   :2.643   Mean   :3.498   Mean   :1.291  
##  3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:4.000   3rd Qu.:2.000  
##  Max.   :9.000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :9.000  
##                                                  NA's   :2      
##    X_BMI5CAT        CVDINFR5          RMVTETH5        MOSTTEETH     
##  Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :3.000   Median :0.00000   Median :1.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :3.006   Mean   :0.08658   Mean   :0.9741   Mean   :0.3389  
##  3rd Qu.:4.000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:2.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :4.000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :1.0000  
##  NA's   :16949                                                      
##     FEWTEETH         NOTEETH            SEX2             MALE       
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.1665   Mean   :0.1007   Mean   :0.4498   Mean   :0.4348  
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :1.0000  
##                                                                     
##     HISPANC2         HISPANIC          RACEGRP           BLACK       
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.00000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.1231   Mean   :0.05116   Mean   :0.4855   Mean   :0.0755  
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000  
##  Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :1.0000  
##                                                                      
##      ASIAN            OTHRACE           AGEG5YR2          AGE1       
##  Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.00000   Median :0.00000   Median :1.000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.01331   Mean   :0.04136   Mean   :1.208   Mean   :0.3446  
##  3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :1.0000  
##                                                                      
##       AGE2             AGE3            EDGRP           LOWED        
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.000   Min.   :0.00000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.00000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :2.000   Median :0.00000  
##  Mean   :0.2502   Mean   :0.1211   Mean   :1.964   Mean   :0.07349  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:0.00000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :1.00000  
##                                                                     
##     SOMECOLL         COLLEGE          INCOME3           INC1        
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.000   Min.   :0.00000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:0.00000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :4.000   Median :0.00000  
##  Mean   :0.2711   Mean   :0.3754   Mean   :3.834   Mean   :0.08131  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:4.000   3rd Qu.:0.00000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.000   Max.   :1.00000  
##                                                                     
##       INC2             INC3              INC4           DENVST4      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.00000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.1357   Mean   :0.08999   Mean   :0.1176   Mean   :0.3833  
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.0000  
##                                                                      
##     NODENVST         DIABETE4        NODIABETE         SMOKER4      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:1.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :1.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.2991   Mean   :0.2004   Mean   :0.8092   Mean   :0.8664  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.0000  
##                                                                     
##     FRMRSMK           SMOKE           EXERANY3          NOEXER      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000   Median :1.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :0.3291   Mean   :0.1224   Mean   :0.7308   Mean   :0.2814  
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :9.0000   Max.   :1.0000  
##                                                                     
##      BMICAT          UNDWT              OVWT            OBESE       
##  Min.   :0.000   Min.   :0.00000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.00000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##  Median :2.000   Median :0.00000   Median :0.0000   Median :0.0000  
##  Mean   :2.451   Mean   :0.01407   Mean   :0.3515   Mean   :0.3022  
##  3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:0.00000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##  Max.   :9.000   Max.   :1.00000   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :1.0000  
##                                                                     
## 
## > model1 <- lm(CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH, 
## +     data = BRFSS)
## 
## > summary(model1)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.18069 -0.07726 -0.07726 -0.05084  0.94916 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 0.0508387  0.0008588   59.20   <2e-16 ***
## NOTEETH     0.1298464  0.0019032   68.23   <2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH    0.0823156  0.0015754   52.25   <2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH   0.0264187  0.0012628   20.92   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.278 on 266105 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.02258,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02257 
## F-statistic:  2049 on 3 and 266105 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## > model2 <- lm(CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + 
## +     MALE + AGE1 + AGE2 + AGE3, data = BRFSS)
## 
## > summary(model2)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + MALE + 
##     AGE1 + AGE2 + AGE3, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25791 -0.11350 -0.07078 -0.02102  0.99960 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 0.0004043  0.0012393   0.326    0.744    
## NOTEETH     0.1148229  0.0019111  60.083   <2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH    0.0695639  0.0015779  44.086   <2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH   0.0189619  0.0012570  15.084   <2e-16 ***
## MALE        0.0616769  0.0010787  57.177   <2e-16 ***
## AGE1        0.0206114  0.0013573  15.185   <2e-16 ***
## AGE2        0.0514180  0.0014826  34.682   <2e-16 ***
## AGE3        0.0810020  0.0018611  43.523   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.2753 on 266101 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04193,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04191 
## F-statistic:  1664 on 7 and 266101 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## > min.model <- lm(CVDINFR5 ~ 1, data = BRFSS)
## 
## > fwd.model <- step(min.model, direction = "forward", 
## +     scope = (~NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + MALE + BLACK + 
## +         HISPANIC + ASIAN + O .... [TRUNCATED] 
## Start:  AIC=-675189.5
## CVDINFR5 ~ 1
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + NODIABETE  1    368.73 20676 -679891
## + NOTEETH    1    263.91 20780 -678546
## + MALE       1    224.51 20820 -678042
## + NODENVST   1    188.77 20856 -677585
## + AGE3       1    130.07 20914 -676837
## + NOEXER     1    130.00 20914 -676836
## + FEWTEETH   1    115.35 20929 -676650
## + COLLEGE    1    113.32 20931 -676624
## + FRMRSMK    1    102.38 20942 -676485
## + LOWED      1     88.44 20956 -676308
## + INC1       1     80.60 20964 -676209
## + INC2       1     70.91 20973 -676086
## + AGE2       1     64.31 20980 -676002
## + SMOKE      1     51.96 20992 -675845
## + OBESE      1     33.55 21011 -675612
## + OTHRACE    1     20.16 21024 -675443
## + AGE1       1     13.78 21031 -675362
## + MOSTTEETH  1     11.85 21033 -675337
## + INC3       1      6.79 21038 -675273
## + ASIAN      1      4.02 21040 -675238
## + UNDWT      1      1.48 21043 -675206
## + HISPANIC   1      1.47 21043 -675206
## + BLACK      1      0.97 21043 -675200
## + SOMECOLL   1      0.52 21044 -675194
## + INC4       1      0.35 21044 -675192
## <none>                   21044 -675189
## + OVWT       1      0.03 21044 -675188
## 
## Step:  AIC=-679891.4
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + NOTEETH    1   211.087 20465 -682620
## + MALE       1   202.937 20473 -682514
## + NODENVST   1   143.687 20532 -681745
## + AGE3       1   129.094 20547 -681556
## + FRMRSMK    1    88.281 20587 -681028
## + FEWTEETH   1    82.884 20593 -680958
## + NOEXER     1    80.517 20595 -680928
## + COLLEGE    1    76.909 20599 -680881
## + LOWED      1    62.071 20614 -680689
## + INC1       1    56.058 20620 -680612
## + SMOKE      1    52.629 20623 -680568
## + INC2       1    49.904 20626 -680532
## + AGE2       1    46.569 20629 -680489
## + AGE1       1    15.611 20660 -680090
## + OTHRACE    1    14.025 20662 -680070
## + MOSTTEETH  1    11.735 20664 -680040
## + BLACK      1     6.488 20669 -679973
## + ASIAN      1     4.985 20671 -679954
## + INC3       1     4.820 20671 -679951
## + HISPANIC   1     4.463 20671 -679947
## + OBESE      1     4.070 20672 -679942
## + UNDWT      1     3.665 20672 -679937
## + OVWT       1     1.307 20674 -679906
## + INC4       1     0.288 20675 -679893
## + SOMECOLL   1     0.170 20676 -679892
## <none>                   20676 -679891
## 
## Step:  AIC=-682620.2
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + MALE       1   210.625 20254 -685371
## + FEWTEETH   1   133.633 20331 -684362
## + AGE3       1   102.134 20362 -683950
## + FRMRSMK    1    74.213 20390 -683585
## + NODENVST   1    62.821 20402 -683436
## + NOEXER     1    51.750 20413 -683292
## + COLLEGE    1    39.824 20425 -683137
## + AGE2       1    36.410 20428 -683092
## + INC1       1    31.284 20433 -683025
## + LOWED      1    30.382 20434 -683014
## + INC2       1    29.800 20435 -683006
## + SMOKE      1    25.966 20439 -682956
## + AGE1       1    12.265 20452 -682778
## + OTHRACE    1    11.073 20454 -682762
## + BLACK      1     8.795 20456 -682733
## + OBESE      1     4.236 20460 -682673
## + ASIAN      1     3.460 20461 -682663
## + INC3       1     3.274 20461 -682661
## + HISPANIC   1     3.002 20462 -682657
## + OVWT       1     1.892 20463 -682643
## + UNDWT      1     1.854 20463 -682642
## + INC4       1     0.677 20464 -682627
## + SOMECOLL   1     0.475 20464 -682624
## <none>                   20465 -682620
## + MOSTTEETH  1     0.005 20465 -682618
## 
## Step:  AIC=-685371.2
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + FEWTEETH   1   132.644 20121 -687118
## + AGE3       1   116.751 20137 -686908
## + NOEXER     1    63.983 20190 -686211
## + NODENVST   1    52.828 20201 -686064
## + FRMRSMK    1    51.658 20202 -686049
## + COLLEGE    1    49.016 20205 -686014
## + AGE2       1    40.027 20214 -685896
## + INC1       1    37.418 20217 -685861
## + INC2       1    36.595 20217 -685850
## + LOWED      1    28.902 20225 -685749
## + SMOKE      1    21.759 20232 -685655
## + AGE1       1    14.691 20239 -685562
## + OTHRACE    1     9.835 20244 -685498
## + BLACK      1     6.152 20248 -685450
## + ASIAN      1     4.270 20250 -685425
## + INC3       1     4.071 20250 -685423
## + UNDWT      1     4.017 20250 -685422
## + HISPANIC   1     3.150 20251 -685411
## + OBESE      1     2.702 20251 -685405
## + SOMECOLL   1     1.685 20252 -685391
## + INC4       1     0.517 20253 -685376
## + OVWT       1     0.306 20254 -685373
## <none>                   20254 -685371
## + MOSTTEETH  1     0.039 20254 -685370
## 
## Step:  AIC=-687117.7
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + AGE3       1    99.053 20022 -688429
## + NOEXER     1    44.694 20077 -687707
## + FRMRSMK    1    40.261 20081 -687649
## + AGE2       1    32.074 20089 -687540
## + NODENVST   1    31.742 20090 -687536
## + COLLEGE    1    25.519 20096 -687453
## + INC1       1    23.471 20098 -687426
## + INC2       1    23.157 20098 -687422
## + MOSTTEETH  1    19.789 20102 -687378
## + LOWED      1    17.780 20104 -687351
## + AGE1       1    12.870 20108 -687286
## + BLACK      1    11.415 20110 -687267
## + SMOKE      1    10.357 20111 -687253
## + OTHRACE    1     7.686 20114 -687217
## + ASIAN      1     3.561 20118 -687163
## + UNDWT      1     3.313 20118 -687160
## + HISPANIC   1     3.150 20118 -687157
## + INC3       1     2.188 20119 -687145
## + OBESE      1     1.617 20120 -687137
## + SOMECOLL   1     1.232 20120 -687132
## + INC4       1     0.347 20121 -687120
## + OVWT       1     0.210 20121 -687118
## <none>                   20121 -687118
## 
## Step:  AIC=-688429
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + AGE2       1    66.358 19956 -689310
## + NOEXER     1    37.409 19985 -688925
## + FRMRSMK    1    35.856 19986 -688904
## + NODENVST   1    34.865 19987 -688891
## + INC1       1    26.177 19996 -688775
## + COLLEGE    1    23.548 19999 -688740
## + SMOKE      1    20.515 20002 -688700
## + INC2       1    19.655 20003 -688688
## + LOWED      1    16.173 20006 -688642
## + MOSTTEETH  1    15.887 20006 -688638
## + OTHRACE    1     9.429 20013 -688552
## + BLACK      1     8.856 20013 -688545
## + OBESE      1     5.542 20017 -688501
## + ASIAN      1     3.267 20019 -688470
## + UNDWT      1     2.181 20020 -688456
## + HISPANIC   1     1.845 20020 -688451
## + SOMECOLL   1     1.750 20021 -688450
## + INC3       1     1.191 20021 -688443
## + AGE1       1     0.948 20021 -688440
## + OVWT       1     0.393 20022 -688432
## + INC4       1     0.247 20022 -688430
## <none>                   20022 -688429
## 
## Step:  AIC=-689310.4
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + NODENVST   1    39.876 19916 -689841
## + NOEXER     1    37.343 19919 -689807
## + SMOKE      1    31.086 19925 -689723
## + INC1       1    30.943 19925 -689721
## + FRMRSMK    1    27.005 19929 -689669
## + COLLEGE    1    25.754 19930 -689652
## + INC2       1    18.862 19937 -689560
## + LOWED      1    17.141 19939 -689537
## + AGE1       1    13.769 19942 -689492
## + MOSTTEETH  1    11.900 19944 -689467
## + OTHRACE    1    11.228 19945 -689458
## + OBESE      1     8.264 19948 -689419
## + BLACK      1     6.597 19949 -689396
## + ASIAN      1     2.924 19953 -689347
## + UNDWT      1     1.983 19954 -689335
## + SOMECOLL   1     1.962 19954 -689335
## + HISPANIC   1     0.932 19955 -689321
## + OVWT       1     0.818 19955 -689319
## + INC3       1     0.576 19955 -689316
## <none>                   19956 -689310
## + INC4       1     0.045 19956 -689309
## 
## Step:  AIC=-689840.7
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + NOEXER     1   28.7129 19887 -690223
## + FRMRSMK    1   28.4372 19888 -690219
## + SMOKE      1   23.3082 19893 -690150
## + INC1       1   22.9302 19893 -690145
## + COLLEGE    1   16.5963 19899 -690060
## + AGE1       1   16.0003 19900 -690053
## + INC2       1   12.9393 19903 -690012
## + LOWED      1   11.5141 19905 -689993
## + OTHRACE    1    9.8245 19906 -689970
## + MOSTTEETH  1    9.7483 19906 -689969
## + BLACK      1    8.5819 19907 -689953
## + OBESE      1    6.8283 19909 -689930
## + ASIAN      1    2.7457 19913 -689875
## + SOMECOLL   1    1.8181 19914 -689863
## + UNDWT      1    1.6514 19914 -689861
## + HISPANIC   1    1.5471 19914 -689859
## + OVWT       1    0.5289 19915 -689846
## + INC3       1    0.2387 19916 -689842
## <none>                   19916 -689841
## + INC4       1    0.0507 19916 -689839
## 
## Step:  AIC=-690222.6
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + FRMRSMK    1   28.9327 19858 -690608
## + INC1       1   19.7319 19868 -690485
## + SMOKE      1   19.4796 19868 -690481
## + AGE1       1   16.5024 19871 -690441
## + COLLEGE    1   11.4378 19876 -690374
## + INC2       1   10.7923 19877 -690365
## + OTHRACE    1    9.8141 19877 -690352
## + BLACK      1    9.2235 19878 -690344
## + LOWED      1    8.9543 19878 -690340
## + MOSTTEETH  1    8.2146 19879 -690331
## + OBESE      1    4.2577 19883 -690278
## + ASIAN      1    2.6046 19885 -690255
## + HISPANIC   1    2.1230 19885 -690249
## + SOMECOLL   1    1.7482 19886 -690244
## + UNDWT      1    1.4986 19886 -690241
## + OVWT       1    0.2431 19887 -690224
## <none>                   19887 -690223
## + INC3       1    0.1340 19887 -690222
## + INC4       1    0.0443 19887 -690221
## 
## Step:  AIC=-690608
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + SMOKE      1    38.012 19820 -691116
## + INC1       1    21.108 19837 -690889
## + AGE1       1    13.849 19845 -690792
## + INC2       1    10.860 19848 -690752
## + COLLEGE    1    10.257 19848 -690743
## + OTHRACE    1    10.096 19848 -690741
## + LOWED      1     9.529 19849 -690734
## + BLACK      1     7.829 19851 -690711
## + MOSTTEETH  1     6.850 19852 -690698
## + OBESE      1     3.479 19855 -690653
## + ASIAN      1     2.196 19856 -690635
## + UNDWT      1     1.704 19857 -690629
## + HISPANIC   1     1.684 19857 -690629
## + SOMECOLL   1     1.250 19857 -690623
## + OVWT       1     0.322 19858 -690610
## <none>                   19858 -690608
## + INC3       1     0.100 19858 -690607
## + INC4       1     0.012 19858 -690606
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691115.9
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + INC1       1   17.3356 19803 -691347
## + AGE1       1   16.2414 19804 -691332
## + INC2       1    9.0891 19811 -691236
## + OTHRACE    1    8.7990 19812 -691232
## + LOWED      1    8.1048 19812 -691223
## + BLACK      1    7.4285 19813 -691214
## + COLLEGE    1    6.8841 19813 -691206
## + OBESE      1    5.2670 19815 -691185
## + MOSTTEETH  1    4.6946 19816 -691177
## + ASIAN      1    1.8054 19819 -691138
## + HISPANIC   1    1.2279 19819 -691130
## + UNDWT      1    0.9332 19819 -691126
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.8230 19820 -691125
## + OVWT       1    0.3534 19820 -691119
## <none>                   19820 -691116
## + INC3       1    0.0346 19820 -691114
## + INC4       1    0.0008 19820 -691114
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691346.7
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + AGE1       1   16.8994 19786 -691572
## + INC2       1   14.7809 19788 -691543
## + BLACK      1    8.8460 19794 -691464
## + OTHRACE    1    7.8240 19795 -691450
## + COLLEGE    1    5.2254 19798 -691415
## + LOWED      1    5.2046 19798 -691415
## + OBESE      1    4.9172 19798 -691411
## + MOSTTEETH  1    4.1730 19799 -691401
## + HISPANIC   1    2.2437 19801 -691375
## + ASIAN      1    1.8125 19801 -691369
## + SOMECOLL   1    1.0270 19802 -691359
## + UNDWT      1    0.7927 19802 -691355
## + INC3       1    0.4411 19803 -691351
## + OVWT       1    0.2884 19803 -691349
## + INC4       1    0.2366 19803 -691348
## <none>                   19803 -691347
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691571.9
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + INC2       1   14.4015 19772 -691764
## + BLACK      1    8.4955 19778 -691684
## + OTHRACE    1    8.2307 19778 -691681
## + LOWED      1    5.6971 19780 -691647
## + OBESE      1    5.6198 19781 -691645
## + COLLEGE    1    5.5577 19781 -691645
## + MOSTTEETH  1    3.2422 19783 -691614
## + ASIAN      1    1.6918 19784 -691593
## + HISPANIC   1    1.6346 19784 -691592
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.9289 19785 -691582
## + UNDWT      1    0.7268 19785 -691580
## + OVWT       1    0.3563 19786 -691575
## + INC3       1    0.3198 19786 -691574
## <none>                   19786 -691572
## + INC4       1    0.1254 19786 -691572
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691763.7
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + BLACK      1    9.4664 19762 -691889
## + OTHRACE    1    7.6466 19764 -691865
## + OBESE      1    5.2308 19767 -691832
## + LOWED      1    4.4231 19767 -691821
## + COLLEGE    1    3.5450 19768 -691809
## + MOSTTEETH  1    2.6249 19769 -691797
## + HISPANIC   1    2.4435 19769 -691795
## + ASIAN      1    1.6820 19770 -691784
## + INC3       1    1.5503 19770 -691783
## + INC4       1    1.0566 19771 -691776
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.8865 19771 -691774
## + UNDWT      1    0.6613 19771 -691771
## + OVWT       1    0.3458 19771 -691766
## <none>                   19772 -691764
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691889.1
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + OTHRACE    1    6.4541 19756 -691974
## + OBESE      1    5.6850 19757 -691964
## + LOWED      1    4.8814 19757 -691953
## + COLLEGE    1    3.7810 19758 -691938
## + HISPANIC   1    3.4135 19759 -691933
## + MOSTTEETH  1    3.1468 19759 -691929
## + ASIAN      1    1.9674 19760 -691914
## + INC3       1    1.7251 19761 -691910
## + INC4       1    1.0967 19761 -691902
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.8383 19761 -691898
## + UNDWT      1    0.6219 19762 -691895
## + OVWT       1    0.3387 19762 -691892
## <none>                   19762 -691889
## 
## Step:  AIC=-691974
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + OBESE      1    5.5672 19750 -692047
## + LOWED      1    4.7482 19751 -692036
## + COLLEGE    1    3.6460 19752 -692021
## + MOSTTEETH  1    3.0238 19753 -692013
## + HISPANIC   1    2.8174 19753 -692010
## + ASIAN      1    1.7855 19754 -691996
## + INC3       1    1.6394 19754 -691994
## + INC4       1    1.0828 19755 -691987
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.7757 19755 -691982
## + UNDWT      1    0.6135 19755 -691980
## + OVWT       1    0.3266 19755 -691976
## <none>                   19756 -691974
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692047
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + LOWED      1    4.8350 19745 -692110
## + COLLEGE    1    3.3144 19747 -692090
## + HISPANIC   1    2.6823 19748 -692081
## + MOSTTEETH  1    2.6724 19748 -692081
## + INC3       1    1.5229 19749 -692066
## + ASIAN      1    1.4868 19749 -692065
## + INC4       1    0.9485 19749 -692058
## + UNDWT      1    0.8908 19749 -692057
## + SOMECOLL   1    0.6635 19750 -692054
## + OVWT       1    0.4642 19750 -692051
## <none>                   19750 -692047
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692110.2
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + HISPANIC   1    4.4496 19741 -692168
## + MOSTTEETH  1    2.5871 19743 -692143
## + COLLEGE    1    2.4173 19743 -692141
## + SOMECOLL   1    1.5039 19744 -692128
## + ASIAN      1    1.4738 19744 -692128
## + INC3       1    1.4580 19744 -692128
## + INC4       1    1.0416 19744 -692122
## + UNDWT      1    0.8757 19745 -692120
## + OVWT       1    0.5002 19745 -692115
## <none>                   19745 -692110
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692168.2
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC
## 
##             Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + MOSTTEETH  1   2.87531 19738 -692205
## + COLLEGE    1   2.59985 19738 -692201
## + ASIAN      1   1.67302 19739 -692189
## + INC3       1   1.64521 19739 -692188
## + SOMECOLL   1   1.53671 19739 -692187
## + INC4       1   1.07560 19740 -692181
## + UNDWT      1   0.83990 19740 -692177
## + OVWT       1   0.52782 19740 -692173
## <none>                   19741 -692168
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692204.9
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + COLLEGE   1   2.12124 19736 -692232
## + ASIAN     1   1.71834 19736 -692226
## + INC3      1   1.45601 19737 -692223
## + SOMECOLL  1   1.41067 19737 -692222
## + INC4      1   0.93873 19737 -692216
## + UNDWT     1   0.85952 19737 -692215
## + OVWT      1   0.46493 19738 -692209
## <none>                  19738 -692205
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692231.5
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + ASIAN     1   1.57968 19734 -692251
## + INC3      1   1.14339 19735 -692245
## + UNDWT     1   0.87654 19735 -692241
## + INC4      1   0.74951 19735 -692240
## + OVWT      1   0.41931 19736 -692235
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.22718 19736 -692233
## <none>                  19736 -692232
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692250.8
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + INC3      1   1.16526 19733 -692265
## + UNDWT     1   0.91539 19733 -692261
## + INC4      1   0.74986 19734 -692259
## + OVWT      1   0.37003 19734 -692254
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.23341 19734 -692252
## <none>                  19734 -692251
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692264.5
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + INC4      1   1.16058 19732 -692278
## + UNDWT     1   0.90064 19732 -692275
## + OVWT      1   0.35668 19733 -692267
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.25724 19733 -692266
## <none>                  19733 -692265
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692278.2
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3 + INC4
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + UNDWT     1   0.90185 19731 -692288
## + OVWT      1   0.32603 19732 -692281
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.25934 19732 -692280
## <none>                  19732 -692278
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692288.3
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3 + INC4 + UNDWT
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + OVWT      1   0.49761 19731 -692293
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.25699 19731 -692290
## <none>                  19731 -692288
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692293.1
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3 + INC4 + UNDWT + OVWT
## 
##            Df Sum of Sq   RSS     AIC
## + SOMECOLL  1   0.25392 19730 -692294
## <none>                  19731 -692293
## 
## Step:  AIC=-692294.5
## CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + AGE3 + AGE2 + 
##     NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + AGE1 + INC2 + 
##     BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + MOSTTEETH + 
##     COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3 + INC4 + UNDWT + OVWT + SOMECOLL
## 
## 
## > summary(fwd.model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NODIABETE + NOTEETH + MALE + FEWTEETH + 
##     AGE3 + AGE2 + NODENVST + NOEXER + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + INC1 + 
##     AGE1 + INC2 + BLACK + OTHRACE + OBESE + LOWED + HISPANIC + 
##     MOSTTEETH + COLLEGE + ASIAN + INC3 + INC4 + UNDWT + OVWT + 
##     SOMECOLL, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37469 -0.11897 -0.06565 -0.01636  1.05550 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)  0.039723   0.002339  16.985  < 2e-16 ***
## NODIABETE   -0.069073   0.001407 -49.103  < 2e-16 ***
## NOTEETH      0.062915   0.002116  29.726  < 2e-16 ***
## MALE         0.057156   0.001099  51.991  < 2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH     0.035902   0.001673  21.462  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE3         0.083418   0.001918  43.483  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE2         0.049538   0.001512  32.759  < 2e-16 ***
## NODENVST     0.016985   0.001288  13.192  < 2e-16 ***
## NOEXER       0.017406   0.001244  13.996  < 2e-16 ***
## FRMRSMK      0.026789   0.001199  22.348  < 2e-16 ***
## SMOKE        0.034479   0.001793  19.227  < 2e-16 ***
## INC1         0.037064   0.002141  17.310  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE1         0.019320   0.001357  14.234  < 2e-16 ***
## INC2         0.023720   0.001706  13.900  < 2e-16 ***
## BLACK       -0.025684   0.002053 -12.513  < 2e-16 ***
## OTHRACE      0.021897   0.002682   8.163 3.28e-16 ***
## OBESE        0.011321   0.001393   8.126 4.45e-16 ***
## LOWED        0.020631   0.002272   9.082  < 2e-16 ***
## HISPANIC    -0.021033   0.002501  -8.408  < 2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH    0.006902   0.001269   5.440 5.32e-08 ***
## COLLEGE     -0.003831   0.001433  -2.673 0.007522 ** 
## ASIAN       -0.021501   0.004633  -4.641 3.47e-06 ***
## INC3         0.008899   0.001941   4.585 4.55e-06 ***
## INC4         0.006672   0.001712   3.897 9.74e-05 ***
## UNDWT        0.017320   0.004559   3.799 0.000145 ***
## OVWT         0.003361   0.001301   2.583 0.009809 ** 
## SOMECOLL     0.002666   0.001441   1.850 0.064246 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.2723 on 266082 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06244,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.06235 
## F-statistic: 681.6 on 26 and 266082 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## > full.model <- lm(CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + 
## +     MALE + BLACK + HISPANIC + ASIAN + OTHRACE + AGE1 + AGE2 + 
## +     AGE3 + LOWED +  .... [TRUNCATED] 
## 
## > summary(full.model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + MALE + 
##     BLACK + HISPANIC + ASIAN + OTHRACE + AGE1 + AGE2 + AGE3 + 
##     LOWED + SOMECOLL + COLLEGE + INC1 + INC2 + INC3 + INC4 + 
##     NODENVST + NODIABETE + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + NOEXER + UNDWT + 
##     OVWT + OBESE, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37469 -0.11897 -0.06565 -0.01636  1.05550 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)  0.039723   0.002339  16.985  < 2e-16 ***
## NOTEETH      0.062915   0.002116  29.726  < 2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH     0.035902   0.001673  21.462  < 2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH    0.006902   0.001269   5.440 5.32e-08 ***
## MALE         0.057156   0.001099  51.991  < 2e-16 ***
## BLACK       -0.025684   0.002053 -12.513  < 2e-16 ***
## HISPANIC    -0.021033   0.002501  -8.408  < 2e-16 ***
## ASIAN       -0.021501   0.004633  -4.641 3.47e-06 ***
## OTHRACE      0.021897   0.002682   8.163 3.28e-16 ***
## AGE1         0.019320   0.001357  14.234  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE2         0.049538   0.001512  32.759  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE3         0.083418   0.001918  43.483  < 2e-16 ***
## LOWED        0.020631   0.002272   9.082  < 2e-16 ***
## SOMECOLL     0.002666   0.001441   1.850 0.064246 .  
## COLLEGE     -0.003831   0.001433  -2.673 0.007522 ** 
## INC1         0.037064   0.002141  17.310  < 2e-16 ***
## INC2         0.023720   0.001706  13.900  < 2e-16 ***
## INC3         0.008899   0.001941   4.585 4.55e-06 ***
## INC4         0.006672   0.001712   3.897 9.74e-05 ***
## NODENVST     0.016985   0.001288  13.192  < 2e-16 ***
## NODIABETE   -0.069073   0.001407 -49.103  < 2e-16 ***
## FRMRSMK      0.026789   0.001199  22.348  < 2e-16 ***
## SMOKE        0.034479   0.001793  19.227  < 2e-16 ***
## NOEXER       0.017406   0.001244  13.996  < 2e-16 ***
## UNDWT        0.017320   0.004559   3.799 0.000145 ***
## OVWT         0.003361   0.001301   2.583 0.009809 ** 
## OBESE        0.011321   0.001393   8.126 4.45e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.2723 on 266082 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06244,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.06235 
## F-statistic: 681.6 on 26 and 266082 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## > tidy(model1)
## # A tibble: 4 x 5
##   term        estimate std.error statistic  p.value
##   <chr>          <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl>
## 1 (Intercept)   0.0508  0.000859      59.2 0.      
## 2 NOTEETH       0.130   0.00190       68.2 0.      
## 3 FEWTEETH      0.0823  0.00158       52.3 0.      
## 4 MOSTTEETH     0.0264  0.00126       20.9 4.11e-97
## 
## > tidy(model2)
## # A tibble: 8 x 5
##   term        estimate std.error statistic   p.value
##   <chr>          <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1 (Intercept) 0.000404   0.00124     0.326 7.44e-  1
## 2 NOTEETH     0.115      0.00191    60.1   0.       
## 3 FEWTEETH    0.0696     0.00158    44.1   0.       
## 4 MOSTTEETH   0.0190     0.00126    15.1   2.15e- 51
## 5 MALE        0.0617     0.00108    57.2   0.       
## 6 AGE1        0.0206     0.00136    15.2   4.65e- 52
## 7 AGE2        0.0514     0.00148    34.7   5.76e-263
## 8 AGE3        0.0810     0.00186    43.5   0.       
## 
## > tidy(full.model)
## # A tibble: 27 x 5
##    term        estimate std.error statistic   p.value
##    <chr>          <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
##  1 (Intercept)  0.0397    0.00234     17.0  1.15e- 64
##  2 NOTEETH      0.0629    0.00212     29.7  7.31e-194
##  3 FEWTEETH     0.0359    0.00167     21.5  4.28e-102
##  4 MOSTTEETH    0.00690   0.00127      5.44 5.32e-  8
##  5 MALE         0.0572    0.00110     52.0  0.       
##  6 BLACK       -0.0257    0.00205    -12.5  6.45e- 36
##  7 HISPANIC    -0.0210    0.00250     -8.41 4.18e- 17
##  8 ASIAN       -0.0215    0.00463     -4.64 3.47e-  6
##  9 OTHRACE      0.0219    0.00268      8.16 3.28e- 16
## 10 AGE1         0.0193    0.00136     14.2  5.83e- 46
## # ... with 17 more rows
## 
## > tidy(fwd.model)
## # A tibble: 27 x 5
##    term        estimate std.error statistic   p.value
##    <chr>          <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
##  1 (Intercept)   0.0397   0.00234      17.0 1.15e- 64
##  2 NODIABETE    -0.0691   0.00141     -49.1 0.       
##  3 NOTEETH       0.0629   0.00212      29.7 7.31e-194
##  4 MALE          0.0572   0.00110      52.0 0.       
##  5 FEWTEETH      0.0359   0.00167      21.5 4.28e-102
##  6 AGE3          0.0834   0.00192      43.5 0.       
##  7 AGE2          0.0495   0.00151      32.8 6.73e-235
##  8 NODENVST      0.0170   0.00129      13.2 1.01e- 39
##  9 NOEXER        0.0174   0.00124      14.0 1.71e- 44
## 10 FRMRSMK       0.0268   0.00120      22.3 1.61e-110
## # ... with 17 more rows
## 
## > write.csv(tidy(model1), file = "../output/linear/TidyRegressionModel1.csv")
## 
## > write.csv(tidy(model2), file = "../output/linear/TidyRegressionModel2.csv")
## 
## > write.csv(tidy(full.model), file = "../output/linear/TidyRegressionModelFull.csv")
## 
## > write.csv(tidy(fwd.model), file = "../output/linear/TidyRegressionModelFWD.csv")
## 
## > percent(summary(model1)$adj.r.squared)
## [1] "2.26%"
## 
## > percent(summary(model2)$adj.r.squared)
## [1] "4.19%"
## 
## > percent(summary(full.model)$adj.r.squared)
## [1] "6.23%"
## 
## > summary(model1)$adj.r.squared
## [1] 0.0225682
## 
## > summary(model2)$adj.r.squared
## [1] 0.04190584
## 
## > summary(full.model)$adj.r.squared
## [1] 0.06234753
## 
## > dp1 <- autoplot(model1, label.size = 3) + theme_minimal()
## 
## > ggsave(file = "../output/figures/lmodel1diagnostics.png", 
## +     dp1)

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

## 
## > dp2 <- autoplot(model2, label.size = 3) + theme_minimal()
## 
## > ggsave(file = "../output/figures/lmodel2diagnostics.png", 
## +     dp2)

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

## 
## > dp3 <- autoplot(full.model, label.size = 3) + theme_minimal()
## 
## > ggsave(file = "../output/figures/lmfulldiagnostics.png", 
## +     dp3)

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

## 
## > gvmodel <- gvlma(model1)
## 
## > summary(gvmodel)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.18069 -0.07726 -0.07726 -0.05084  0.94916 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 0.0508387  0.0008588   59.20   <2e-16 ***
## NOTEETH     0.1298464  0.0019032   68.23   <2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH    0.0823156  0.0015754   52.25   <2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH   0.0264187  0.0012628   20.92   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.278 on 266105 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.02258,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02257 
## F-statistic:  2049 on 3 and 266105 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance =  0.05 
## 
## Call:
##  gvlma(x = model1) 
## 
##                        Value   p-value                   Decision
## Global Stat        8.115e+05 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness           3.588e+05 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis           4.527e+05 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function      8.712e-14 1.000e+00    Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 2.240e+01 2.212e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## 
## > gvmodel <- gvlma(model2)
## 
## > summary(gvmodel)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + MALE + 
##     AGE1 + AGE2 + AGE3, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25791 -0.11350 -0.07078 -0.02102  0.99960 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 0.0004043  0.0012393   0.326    0.744    
## NOTEETH     0.1148229  0.0019111  60.083   <2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH    0.0695639  0.0015779  44.086   <2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH   0.0189619  0.0012570  15.084   <2e-16 ***
## MALE        0.0616769  0.0010787  57.177   <2e-16 ***
## AGE1        0.0206114  0.0013573  15.185   <2e-16 ***
## AGE2        0.0514180  0.0014826  34.682   <2e-16 ***
## AGE3        0.0810020  0.0018611  43.523   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.2753 on 266101 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04193,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04191 
## F-statistic:  1664 on 7 and 266101 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance =  0.05 
## 
## Call:
##  gvlma(x = model2) 
## 
##                        Value   p-value                   Decision
## Global Stat        751733.62 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness           336638.98 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis           414811.49 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function         262.41 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity     20.74 5.254e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## 
## > gvmodel <- gvlma(full.model)
## 
## > summary(gvmodel)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = CVDINFR5 ~ NOTEETH + FEWTEETH + MOSTTEETH + MALE + 
##     BLACK + HISPANIC + ASIAN + OTHRACE + AGE1 + AGE2 + AGE3 + 
##     LOWED + SOMECOLL + COLLEGE + INC1 + INC2 + INC3 + INC4 + 
##     NODENVST + NODIABETE + FRMRSMK + SMOKE + NOEXER + UNDWT + 
##     OVWT + OBESE, data = BRFSS)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37469 -0.11897 -0.06565 -0.01636  1.05550 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)  0.039723   0.002339  16.985  < 2e-16 ***
## NOTEETH      0.062915   0.002116  29.726  < 2e-16 ***
## FEWTEETH     0.035902   0.001673  21.462  < 2e-16 ***
## MOSTTEETH    0.006902   0.001269   5.440 5.32e-08 ***
## MALE         0.057156   0.001099  51.991  < 2e-16 ***
## BLACK       -0.025684   0.002053 -12.513  < 2e-16 ***
## HISPANIC    -0.021033   0.002501  -8.408  < 2e-16 ***
## ASIAN       -0.021501   0.004633  -4.641 3.47e-06 ***
## OTHRACE      0.021897   0.002682   8.163 3.28e-16 ***
## AGE1         0.019320   0.001357  14.234  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE2         0.049538   0.001512  32.759  < 2e-16 ***
## AGE3         0.083418   0.001918  43.483  < 2e-16 ***
## LOWED        0.020631   0.002272   9.082  < 2e-16 ***
## SOMECOLL     0.002666   0.001441   1.850 0.064246 .  
## COLLEGE     -0.003831   0.001433  -2.673 0.007522 ** 
## INC1         0.037064   0.002141  17.310  < 2e-16 ***
## INC2         0.023720   0.001706  13.900  < 2e-16 ***
## INC3         0.008899   0.001941   4.585 4.55e-06 ***
## INC4         0.006672   0.001712   3.897 9.74e-05 ***
## NODENVST     0.016985   0.001288  13.192  < 2e-16 ***
## NODIABETE   -0.069073   0.001407 -49.103  < 2e-16 ***
## FRMRSMK      0.026789   0.001199  22.348  < 2e-16 ***
## SMOKE        0.034479   0.001793  19.227  < 2e-16 ***
## NOEXER       0.017406   0.001244  13.996  < 2e-16 ***
## UNDWT        0.017320   0.004559   3.799 0.000145 ***
## OVWT         0.003361   0.001301   2.583 0.009809 ** 
## OBESE        0.011321   0.001393   8.126 4.45e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.2723 on 266082 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06244,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.06235 
## F-statistic: 681.6 on 26 and 266082 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
## 
## 
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance =  0.05 
## 
## Call:
##  gvlma(x = full.model) 
## 
##                        Value   p-value                   Decision
## Global Stat        694863.46 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness           314383.05 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis           379489.65 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function         969.92 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity     20.84 4.984e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!

Model 1 Diagnostics

Model 1
Diagnostics

Model 2 Diagnostics

Model 2
Diagnostics

Full Model Diagnostics

Full Model
Diagnostics

This concluded the linear regression modeling.

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